Car brakes, ok, it is obvious what they are meant for. They allow your car to slow to a stop. Car brakes take the pressure of the foot pressing upon your brake pedal and amplify that pressure so that you are able to stop your (comparatively) heavy car. The significance of brakes can really not be over emphasized, this is as brakes keep you from losing control of the car. If you park on a hill it's your brake system preventing it from rolling down.
So what we are basically discussing when we talk about brake systems are mechanical, frictional and hydraulic forces working in tandem. The force applied by your foot upon the brake pedal is traded for distance. The more distance there is between the braking pedal and the pivot in relation to the distance from the cylinder to the pivot the more times that your force is amplified in its transmission to the cylinder. This system is a basic leverage system. The distance between the brake pedal and the pivot might be three times the distance of the cylinder to the pivot, therefore your force would be multiplied by a factor of three.
In regards to the hydraulic cylinders, force is traded from the cross-sectional area of the cylinders. There is a master cylinder which transmits the force of the pedal system further and then there are one or more slave cylinders which can multiply the force. These cylinders are connected by a tube, these tubes snake their way between several parts of your car, and contains an incompressible liquid such as oil. This liquid takes almost all the force that is applied to the hydraulic system. The slave cylinders have a larger cross-sectional area than the master cylinder, and give a greater force output upon the brake system.
The last part of the brake system is the frictional element. Blocks of materials when they slide past each other, appear to stop themselves rapidly despite seeming pretty smooth on their surfaces. The reason behind this is their rough microscopic element on their surface. Hard to believe, but their tiny rough areas upon their surface sums up to an incredible frictional force which can obviously stop a heavy load like a car!
Let's have a look at some brake system types available. There is ABS, that stands for anti lock braking system). This system utilizes rotational sensors and as such monitors the activity of all four wheels via the aid of a computer. An ABS system can in fact detect a flat tire as flat tires basically spin faster than ones which are correctly inflated. Then there are emergency brakes which bypass regular brake systems. These are entirely mechanical and these make sure that you can block your car in a position when you are on a slope on a steep hill.
Then there are regenerative brakes. Regenerative brakes are found within hybrid and/or electronic cars and they can transform most of the braking force into electricity. This happens because with a regenerative brake system it causes electrical engines to step into reverse mode and this produces electricity, thus recharging the batteries. The good news with this is that it does not need any friction brakes on the wheels which would dissipate most of the useful energy.
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